Psychiatric Aspects of Childhood Epilepsy

How to Cite this Article: Pattanayak RD, Sagar R. Psychiatric Aspects of Childhood Epilepsy. Iran J Child Neurol 2012;6(2):9-18.Childhood epilepsy is a chronic, recurrent disorder of unprovoked seizures. Theonset of epilepsy in childhood has significant implications for brain growth anddevelopment. Seizures may impair the ongoing neurodevelopmental processes and compromise the child’s intellectual and cognitive functioning, leading totremendous cognitive, behavioral and psychosocial consequences. Children with epilepsy are at increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. In addition to the direct effects of epilepsy, there are multiple contributory factors including the underlying neurological abnormalities and adverse effects of medication. This review discusses the current understanding of various psychiatric aspects of childhood epilepsy, including the neuropsychological, behavioral and psychosocial concomitants of childhood epilepsy.References1. Shinnar S, Pellock JM. 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FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MICROBEADS LOADED WITH ZALTOPROFEN

Objective: The main aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microbeads of zaltoprofen. Zaltoprofen, a BCS class II drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Zaltoprofen has a shorter half-life of 2.8 h, and it is administered at a dose of 80 mg thrice a day. By encapsulating the drug into microbeads, it is expected that the release of the drug would be prolonged and thereby, it reduces the frequency of administration and better patient compliance may be improved. Methods: Gellan-chitosan and calcium chloride beads of zaltoprofen were prepared employing ionotropic gelation method using different concentrations of gellan, chitosan, calcium chloride and zaltoprofen. The microbeads were evaluated for its various Physico-chemical parameters such as particle size determination, drug entrapment efficiency, infrared spectroscopy study, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release study and in vivo oral bioavailability studies. Results: The results suggested that the batch FG-II exhibited higher drug entrapment efficiency (72.42±0.013), a sustained drug release for a period of 24 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug from microbeads exhibited an enhanced oral bioavailability (2.4 times higher than that of pure drug), lower elimination rate (1.14 times lesser for the drug in microbeads) with prolonged elimination half-life (2.561 times higher than pure zaltoprofen). Conclusion: Zaltoprofen entrapped microbeads demonstrated as a better delivery system for the sustained release of drug and also to circumvent the drawbacks associated with conventional therapy

A Comparative Study on Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Psychological Wellbeing Among Orphan and Non-Orphan Adolescents

Background: Orphans, other vulnerable children, and adolescents living in institutions are more susceptible to developing behavioral and emotional problems because they lack the love and care of a family. The current study intends to investigate stress, anxiety, and depression in orphans living in the chosen orphanages in Mysuru, Karnataka. Methodology: Descriptive research methods were implemented in this research. A total of 200 adolescents made up the representative sample, including 100 orphans and 100 non-orphans. The data were taken from numerous orphanages and schools located in the city of Mysore. The samples were chosen using purposive sampling techniques. The level of depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being among orphans was examined using a standardized interview schedule. A structured interview schedule that includes socio-demographic factors, stress, depression, and anxiety as well as the Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire were the instruments used for data collection. The analysis of data was done using version SPSS, 24.00. Results: The majority of respondents (100%) belonged to 14-18 years of age, and most of the orphans had severe and extremely severe depression anxiety, and stress compared to non-orphans. And there is a significant difference between study variables among the orphan and non-orphan groups. Conclusion: While compared to non-orphans, orphan adolescents have a high level of Depression anxiety, and stress and a low level of psychological well-being. So, there is a need to provide intervention for orphans to improve their psychological well-being

Hydration Repulsion Effects of the Formation of Supported Lipid Bylayers

When zwitterionic lipids fuse onto substrates such as silica (SiO2), the water of hydration between the two approaching surfaces must be removed, giving rise to an effective hydration repulsion. Removal of water around the polar headgroups of the lipid and the silanols (SiOH) of SiO2 allows supported lipid bilayer (SLB) formation, although an interstitial water layer remains between the lipid and surface. The importance of hydration repulsion in SLB formation is demonstrated by monitoring fusion of zwitterionic lipids onto silica (SiO2) nanoparticles heat treated to control the silanol group (SiOH) density and thus the amount of bound water. SLB formation, observed by cryo-TEM and nanodifferential scanning calorimetry, was found to be slower for the more hydrated surfaces. Although the SiOH density decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature, z-potentials were the same for all the SiO2. This arose since at the pH ¼ 8 of the experiments, only isolated silanols, with a pKa ¼ 4.9, and not hydrogen bonded silanols, with a pKa ¼ 8.5, were dissociated/charged.1 Since there were no differences in double layer forces between the SUVs and SiO2, which are the largest and most important interactions determining lipid fusion onto surfaces,2,3 the slower rate of SLB formation of DMPC onto SiO2 nanoparticles with higher silanol densities and more bound water was therefore attributed to greater hydration repulsion of the more hydrated nanoparticles. For SiO2 heated to 1000 °C, with only a few isolated silanols, little adsorbed water and many hydrophobic Si–O–Si groups, particle aggregation occurred and lipid sheaths formed around the nanoparticle aggregates

Cytokines induce effector T-helper cells during invasive aspergillosis; what we have learned about T-helper cells?

Invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus species (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus and A. terreus) is life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Understanding the innate and adaptive immune response particularly T-helper cells (TH-cells) against these Aspergillus species and how the different sub-set of TH-cells are regulated by differentiating cytokines at primary target organ site like lung, kidney and brain is of great significance to human health. This review focuses on presentation of Aspergillus through Antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the naive CD4+ T-cells in the host. The production of differentiating/effector cytokines that activate following TH-cells e.g., TH1, TH2, TH9 and TH17 has been reported in association or alone in allergic or invasive aspergillosis. Chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL1 and CCL20) and their receptors associated to these TH-cells have also been observed in invasive aspergillosis. Thus, further study of these TH-cells in invasive aspergillosis and other elements of adaptive immune response with Aspergillus species are required in order to have a better understanding of host response for safer and effective therapeutic outcome

Stress and Resilience among Medical Students during Pandemic

Medical students who are future physicians are faced with a lot of uncertainties during this pandemic. It includes both academic as well as clinical difficulties. Previous literature has revealed that the stress among medical students is higher when compared to their peers. The stress has even been more during the pandemic as their role during the pandemic is not clear. The purpose of medical training is to produce good doctors but not at the cost of the integrity of the individuals.’Moral inquiry’ is a term used to represent the ethical dilemma faced by doctors during life-death situations. Helplessness faced by students during emergencies leads to moral inqury which in turn leads to more distress. Most of the Medical universities have responded to the pandemic rapidly, by switching to online mode in teaching. This unpatrolled response also has to lead to more stress among medical students. Resilience, by definition, is the capacity to bounce back productively during a stressful situation. Resilience can be viewed as a personality trait or as a fluid process that nurtures according to the situation and the individuals’ reservoir. In this article, we have tried to emphasise the importance of Resilience

Transcending Grids: Point Clouds and Surface Representations Powering Neurological Processing

In healthcare, accurately classifying medical images is vital, but conventional methods often hinge on medical data with a consistent grid structure, which may restrict their overall performance. Recent medical research has been focused on tweaking the architectures to attain better performance without giving due consideration to the representation of data. In this paper, we present a novel approach for transforming grid based data into its higher dimensional representations, leveraging unstructured point cloud data structures. We first generate a sparse point cloud from an image by integrating pixel color information as spatial coordinates. Next, we construct a hypersurface composed of points based on the image dimensions, with each smooth section within this hypersurface symbolizing a specific pixel location. Polygonal face construction is achieved using an adjacency tensor. Finally, a dense point cloud is generated by densely sampling the constructed hypersurface, with a focus on regions of higher detail. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on a publicly accessible brain tumor dataset, achieving significant improvements over existing classification techniques. This methodology allows the extraction of intricate details from the original image, opening up new possibilities for advanced image analysis and processing tasks

A new species of \u3cem\u3eOrthochirus\u3c/em\u3e Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Maharashtra, India

A new species of scorpions of the genus Orthochirus (Buthidae) is described from Jalna, Maharashtra, India. A key to Indian scorpion of the genus Orthochirus is provided

In silico bioprospection analysis for identification of herbal compound targeting Clostridium difficile

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